Cellular Organelles

Cytoskeleton

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

A network of fibers that provides structural support for a eukaryotic cell. Gives mechanical support to eukaryotic animal cells that lack cell walls.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

It suspends other organelles, and allows the passage of biomolecules through the cell.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

The fibers that make up cytoskeleton are made of several types of proteins.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotic.

Cellular Organelles

Cell Wall

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

Protects the cell, maintains its shape and prevents it from absorbing too much water and bursting.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

It helps regulate the traffic of molecules in or out of the cell.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

Made principally of cellulose (structural polysaccharide).

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotic plant cells and prokaryotes.

Cellular Organelles

Lysosome

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

A membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes. Lysosomes break down food particles that enter the cell, it may break down old cell organelles and recycles the components through the cell and lysosomes can break down entire cells when they get too old to function properly.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

Lysosmes are produced from the Golgi apparatus. They may fuse with vacuoles that contain food particles, or fuse with old organelles or pieces of organelles to complete their digestion in the cell.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

The membrane that encloses lysosomes are made of phospholipids. They contain digestive enzymes (proteins). They are capable of breaking down polymers of all fours macromolecules into their monomers.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotic.

Cellular Organelles

Nucleus

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

It encloses the DNA in eukaryotic cells. It is the “nerve center” or “main office” of the cell, and directs the synthesis of proteins by allowing the information to create proteins located on the DNA to be copied and moved outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they are manufactured.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

The nucleus has pores that allow the passage of certain molecules to and from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope (that surrounds the nucleus) extends out to form the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

The nuclear envelope is made of phospholipids. DNA (nucleic acids) are found in the nucleus.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotic.

Cellular Organelles

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

A labyrinth of tubes and sacs that run throughout the cytoplasm. The rough ER is called this because its surface is studded with ribosomes giving it a rough appearance under an electron microscope. It is made of phospholipids. It modifies proteins made on the ribosomes and folds them into their native conformation.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

Its surface holds ribosomes. It modifies proteins and sends them to other parts of the endomembrane system (such as the Golgi apparatus) using transport vesicles.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

It is made of phospholipids. It modifies proteins, often adding short polysaccharides to them.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotic.

Cellular Organelles

Smooth ER

1. Your sketch.

Smooth ER

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

Similar in composition to the rough ER – but lacks ribosomes on its surface. It manufactures a variety of substances in the cell including more membrane and hormones (lipids) and it detoxifies some toxic substances by modifying them so they can be excreted by the cell.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

. It modifies proteins and sends them to other parts of the endomembrane system (such as the Golgi apparatus) using transport vesicles.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

It is made of phospholipids. It modifies proteins, often adding short polysaccharides to them.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotic.

Cellular Organelles

Golgi Apparatus

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

A bunch of flattened membranes that look like pita bread. This is the packaging part of the cell – it receives vesicles with biomolecules such as proteins in them from other parts of the cell. It then modifies the biomolecules more. For example, the Golgi may take a protein, made on the rough ER and transported by vesicles, and add or remove carbohydrates or lipids to it.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

It receives substances from the rough ER via vesicles. It produces lysosomes. It produces substances to exported from the cell and packages them into vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane releasing them to the outside of the cell.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

It is made of phospholipids. It modifies proteins, often adding short polysaccharides to them.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotic.

Cellular Organelles

Ribosome

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

Ribosomes produce proteins. It is made of 2 subunits that come together to translate information from DNA to make proteins.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

They may be bound to the rough ER, or free floating in the cytosol. It interprets the information from the DNA in the nucleus to make proteins.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

Made of nucleic acids (RNA) and proteins. It makes proteins.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

All cells.

Cellular Organelles

Mitochondria

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

Are the sites of cellular respiration. They break down glucose and convert the energy in the chemical bonds of glucose to ATP (the energy source that the cell uses)

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

They do not directly interact with other cell organelles. They receive glucose from vacuoles.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

They are enclosed by a phospholipids bilayer, but they are not part of the endomembrane system. They convert glucose to ATP which is used throughout the cell.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotes.

Cellular Organelles

Chloroplasts

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

This is where photosynthetic organisms produce glucose. They convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose using energy from the sun. Pigments such as chlorophyll capture the energy from the sub to be used in photosynthesis.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

They do not directly interact with other cell organelles.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

They are enclosed by a phospholipids bilayer, but they are not part of the endomembrane system. They produce the glucose that is the ultimate energy source for most organisms.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Eukaryotes – but only photosynthetic eukaryotes such as plants and some protists.

Cellular Organelles

Central Vacuole

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

This is a storage area in plants. It is surrounded by a phospholipids bilayer, and stockpiles water, nutrients such as proteins, pigments that give plants color, or sometimes toxins that protect the plant from herbivores.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

They do not directly interact with other cell organelles, but they receive chemicals produced elsewhere in the cell for storage.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

They are enclosed by a phospholipids bilayer, and they store various biomolecules produced from other areas of the cell.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Some eukaryotes – only plants.

Cellular Organelles

Plasma Membrane

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

The layer that surrounds all cells. It gives structural support, and through the use of proteins embedded in it, selectively regulates the passage of certain molecules in and out.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

They may receive transport vesicles from the Golgi, or allow food particles to enter in vesicles which fuse with lysosomes for digestion of the food particles.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

They are composed of a phospholipids bilayer, and there many proteins wedged into the cell membrane to recognize certain molecules and allow them into or out of the cell.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

All cells, including prokaryotes.

Cellular Organelles

Centrioles

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What is the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

Structures that anchor and manipulate chromosomes during cell division.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

Moves chromosomes during cell division.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

Made of protein.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Some euakryotes – only animal cells..

Cellular Organelles

Cilia and Flagella

1. Your sketch.

2. No more than two sentences: What i the function of your organelle? (What does it do?)

Structures that move cells. Cilia are usually smaller and shorter than flagella.

3. No more than two sentences for each organelle: What other organelle(s) does your organelle work with and how? Try to find two other organelles it interacts with.

Don’t directly interact with other cell structures. They are anchored to the cell in the cell membrane, and they receive ATP produced in the mitochondria to move.

4. List these: What biomolecules does your organelle make, destroy, or use, or what biomolecules make up our organelle?

Made of protein.

5. List these: What kinds of cells contain your organelle? (such as prokaryote, eukaryote, animal or plant, or a particular type of cell in a mammal, like humans)

Found in some prokaryotes and eukaryotes..